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As I’m now entering the fourth module of my 1st year in business school, I’m starting to get into some of my elective classes for investment management.

So far, it has been a lot of academic-focused lessons on efficient markets, betas, CAPM, and factor models…not exactly topics that mesh with trying to outperform the markets by picking undervalued stocks!

Even so, it has been helpful to understand the viewpoint of academic finance. Even if I do disagree with most of it, I can appreciate the process behind many of the studies.

In fact, the best part so far has been having access to massive amounts of quality financial data and academic research.

I thought I would include a few of the more interesting charts and graphs from the year so far.

Returns on Small vs. Big

Academic Research - Returns by Market Capitalization Deciles

Source: Professor Ken French’s Data, 1926-2008

Confirmation that small stocks outperform larger ones (and validation for the small-cap focused nature of this blog).

Returns on Value vs. Growth

 Academic Research - Returns by Book-to-Market Deciles

Source: Professor Ken French’s Data, 1926-2008

And that value stocks outperform growth (high market-to-book = low P/B stocks):

Returns by Liquidity

Academic Research - Illiquidity Premiums

Source: J. Liew and M. Vassalou, “Can Book-to-Market, Size and Momentum Be Risk Factors That Predict Economic Growth?”

Illiquidity can also be a factor in producing above-average returns. This chart shows the alpha generated by stocks across the liquidity range, above and beyond what is predicted by CAPM and the Fama-French 3-factor model.

Whether or not CAPM or the FF-model does a good job of predicting returns is another debate (they really don’t).

However, if an investor is patient, a willingness to tie up capital for an extended period (hopefully in an undervalued security) could yield above-average results.

Risk Premiums 

Academic Research - Forecasted Equity Risk Premiums

Source: John R. Graham & Campbell R. Harvey, “The Equity Risk Premium in 2010”

This chart is pulled from a forecast of CFOs on the equity risk premium used in cost of capital calculations.

An initial look at the graph shows that premiums are extremely volatile, which further weakens the validity of a CAPM model.

Interestingly, the reported risk premium hit a low in 2006/2007, just before the bubble popped (and when most stocks were overpriced).

On the other hand, CFOs demanded a much higher premium (and therefore thought future projects were riskier) in the early part of 2009, right when investors should have been buying.

Could a low risk premium be an indicator for poor stock market performance?

Earnings Surprises

Academic Research - Earnings Surprises

Source: R.J. Rendleman Jr., C. P. Jones, and H. A. Latane, “Empirical Anomalies Based on Unexpected Earnings and the Importance of Risk Adjustments”

Many short-term focused hedge funds play an earnings game, and it turns out that there is some interesting effects, especially after large earnings surprises.

Efficient market proponents would argue that the market immediately adjusts to reflect the new earnings picture after an unexpected quarter, but studies have shown that earnings continue to drift for several months.

A possible takeaway: If a stock reports a surprisingly bad quarter which changes the fundamental thesis about the company, it’s better to sell right away vs. trying to time a better exit point in the future.

Activists

Academic Research - Activist Success Rates

Despite some very high-profile activist campaigns, only 29% actually succeed. It’s no surprise that lowering compensation and removing a management team have a below-average success rate.

As a microcap investor, going private transactions have been a key source of unlocking value, and the success rate probably reflects the fact that management is often on board in these transactions.

Asset Class Returns

Academic Research - Asset Class Cumulative Monthly Returns

Access to high quality financial data allows a study of asset class returns over long time periods.

In this chart, the dip in 2008/2009 is clearly shown across almost every single asset class.

In fact, correlations between asset classes tend to increase significantly during high volatility periods, just at the time when diversification is supposed to provide the greatest benefits.

1982 – 2011

Academic Research - Asset Class Returns Past 20 Years

Look at the risk-reward of midcaps over the past 20 years…a possible underinvested asset class?

2002 – 2011

Academic Research - Asset Class Returns Past 10 Years

Over the past 10 years, stocks have performed poorly, as bonds returned nearly the same amount with much lower risk.

Final Thoughts

This post was a bit outside of my normal zone, so please let me know if you found this post interesting and/or worthwhile, and I’ll plan on collecting similar information going forward.

I’m also the getting involved in Kenan-Flagler’s student-run investment fund, which provides the opportunity to manage roughly $2m across a wide range of asset classes.

As the new Equities Manager, I’m responsible for the stock investments, so I’m looking forward to getting some practical experience over the next year – more stock pitches to follow!

 

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6 Responses so far

  1. pcook says:

    Fairly interesting. I tend to close my eyes and shut my ears whenever the words “asset class” are mentioned. One, because i don’t expect to be in charge of a billion+ anytime soon (ever) and two, I think it is counterproductive for people to think in such broad, semi-arbitrary terms about investing. Especially as individual investors. That said, it was not a totally unpleasant diversion.

    • asues says:

      Peter,

      Thank you very much for the feedback, as this post is a departure from my normal, company-specific analysis. I agree with your assessment, as b-school classes have been a lot about efficient markets, portfolio diversification, return/volatility tradeoffs, and CAPM…with little on understanding a public company, analyzing financial statements, or picking stocks.

      However, I do look forward to some of the academic research (it at least uses very good data!), and am hopeful for some of my upcoming classes. Will be back to stock picks soon!

  2. SapientInvestor says:

    Ahh…the joy of the CAPM model. I hope you get some good accounting classes to make up for that nonsense.

    • asues says:

      Agreed. I’m really looking forward to some of the accounting courses – I was an accounting minor in undergrad, but never used it (outside of researching stocks) since leaving school. I think it can be a tremendous help when diving into the financial statements of a business.

  3. John says:

    Outstanding post and will reread for more insight. Yes I was brain washed during my academic investment finance days with the math of CAPM, efficient market line, options blah blah during my investment analysis and advance investment analysis classes. They ruined me for years but I eventually made up for lost time.
    I’m convinced because on the internet and the quality of micro cap value investment blogs the small company or ignorance effect has greatly diminished.
    The section based on excess returns achieved by investing in illiquid stocks is fascinating. I often feel like an idiot watching the market and peers outperform my efforts but only to crush them in time. Not sure that will always happen but your chart is encouraging and I will look further into this study on the impact of a stocks liquidity.
    I highly recommend a book I’m currently reading: Accounting for Value by Columbia’s Stephen Penman, this really brings together accounting’s role in valuation.

    • asues says:

      John,

      Thanks for taking the time to comment. I went the other direction: started off with the real-world of investing then came back to academic finance – let me tell you, it is a tough transition. While there are some great nuggets of theory, I’m afraid that I don’t believe the majority of it.

      I do have to disagree with you on the obscurity of microcap stocks however. I don’t have a reference point for investing 15-20 years ago, so it’s difficult for me to compare, but I continue to find an amazing amount of tiny stocks trading at absurd valuations. I believe that there are several structural factors (obscurity, size, liquidity, psychology, etc.) that will continue to produce cheap stocks, and that a determined individual investor can have a tremendous advantage. So many of my business school classmates are focused on ‘out-thinking the market’ on XOM or PG, which I think is a losing battle.

      Professor Damodaran of NYU Stern (who I respect a great deal) has written several articles and has a good presentation on liquidity:
      http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pdfiles/country/illiquidity.pdf

      I also just finished Penman’s Accounting for Value, and would highly recommend it as well. It has changed my valuation style a great deal, and forced me to focus more on how much I’m paying for growth vs. setting a specific price target. I’m taking a Financial Statements Analysis class right now which seems like it focuses on many of the same concepts – it is the first class I’ve truly been excited about in business school so far.

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